tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57036410898678109952024-03-13T06:54:15.806+00:00Caspian RepublicCritical Data Analysis of History of Azerbaijan and IranUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5703641089867810995.post-80938544046346572072017-10-11T16:56:00.026+00:002022-03-22T10:42:20.438+00:00History and Origin of Azerbaijani Manat<head>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Manat is a name for the national currencies of Azerbaijan (since 1918), Turkmenistan (since 1993), Georgia (1918–1923), North Caucasian Emirate (modern Dagestan-Chechnia-Ingushetia, 1919–1920), and Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus (1918</span>–1919). Manat was also the designation name for the Soviet ruble in Azerbaijani, Turkmen and Georgian languages. Azerbaijani manat is subdivided into 100 qapik. The purpose of this article to analyze the origin and prove the relationship to the ancient Sumerian word ma-na (𒈠𒈾), a measurement of unit of weight equivalent to 60 siklu. Mana derives from word 'mani', which translates into English as 'to count'.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> According to Wikipedia the origin of word ‘manat, is in a Russian word ‘moneta’ (монета), which is a loan word from Latin ‘moneta’. It might seem a plausible explanation, but it has serious flaws. Georgians and Azerbaijanis and Turkmens have numerous names for currencies and coins, and they all used to mint own coins prior becoming part of the Russian Empire, and then Soviet Union. The old Georgian coins had names such as ‘dinar’ and ‘abazi’. ‘Abazi’ is equivalent to the Azerbaijani ‘abassi’, the coin launched during the reign of Safavi Shah Abbas I and then minted by the Azerbaijani khanates. The word money, or ‘moneta’ means ‘puli’ (</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">ფული</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">) in Georgian and ‘pul’ in Azerbaijani, and it also used to be the smallest coin (copper) of Golden Horde. Assumption that ‘manat’ came into the Azerbaijani language from Georgian ‘maneti’ (</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">მანეთი</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">) through </span>the Russian word ‘moneta’ is unlikely, because its Azerbaijani transcription would have been written either as ‘manet’ (مانَت) or ‘monet’ (مُنَت) in Old Azerbaijani Script (based on the Arabic Script). And it is absolutely different to the original ‘mnat’ (منات), where the first ‘a’ is omitted. Besides, Georgians themselves call ‘manat’ as ‘manati’, which is similar to ‘maneti’.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
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Azerbaijanis have a long history of using 'manat' to indicate the paper money. The first example, when the term ‘manat’ is mentioned it is in Gulistani-Iram by Abbasgulu Bakikhanov (1794–1847):</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">…Irakly Khan [King Irakly] of Georgia in order to protect his territories from him [Umma-Khan of Avaria] agreed to pay annually 5000 <i>manat</i> in silver.</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> Another Azerbaijani great poet Mirza Alakbar Sabir (1862–1911) also provides detail about ‘manat’ in his masterpiece Hohopname (1906–1911):</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">…Mən anlamıram kim, nola mənayi-müəllim? Qırx-əlli <i>manat</i> pul ala hər ay müəllim?<br />
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> Here, in his poem ‘Vay, Vay! Nə Yaman Müşkülə Düşdü İşim, Allah! he questions how a teacher can survive on small salary of 40–50 ‘manat’. Those are all evidence of the word ‘manat’ being used in Azerbaijan prior 1918 when it was first mention on The bon of Transcaucasian Commissariat, and latter when it became a national currency of first Azerbaijan republic.</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> The archaic meaning of Azerbaijani ‘manat’ was a rectangular piece of paper (notes from bank or goldsmith), used as draft to exchange for silver or gold coins. The practice of issuing a draft was known to the Azerbaijani traders for a quite while even before Russia annexed Azerbaijan in 1813 (Treaty of Gulistan). It was done along with the Islamic financial judiciary system. The word ‘manat’ is closely related to the word ‘amanat’, which translates as a deposit, savings and treasure in Azerbaijani. According to Redhouse's Ottoman Turkish Dictionary ‘amanat’ which means ‘<i>anything placed in trust, either to be returned to the giver, or be given to a third party</i>’ is written as ‘amant’(امانت), here the last ‘a’ is omitted.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="color: #222222; font-style: italic;">Figure 1</b><i style="color: #222222;">. </i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>The 1 manat (</i><span style="text-align: start;"><i>منات</i> <i>in </i></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>red square</i></span></span></span><i>) worth coupons issued at the Alat grocery shop of Julfa-Baku railway issued circa 1918</i></span></span><i style="color: #222222;">.<br /><br /></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ81aQxVkwCTBLbRjqzgSXvktOGDDXtp8DIimFqhf47lwqhKsHpNQlIB8MG_3ahIHD79GMyO_NcsyE_3Yg-s3G-ZCIO1mQCeLN9HakODArHc_V-KbzVQqeI_hWXdNFTDACDbF5cdDyZKA/s1600/Figure02.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Azerbaijani manat" border="0" data-original-height="548" data-original-width="687" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ81aQxVkwCTBLbRjqzgSXvktOGDDXtp8DIimFqhf47lwqhKsHpNQlIB8MG_3ahIHD79GMyO_NcsyE_3Yg-s3G-ZCIO1mQCeLN9HakODArHc_V-KbzVQqeI_hWXdNFTDACDbF5cdDyZKA/s320/Figure02.jpg" title="Azerbaijani manat" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="color: #222222; font-style: italic;">Figure 2</b><i style="color: #222222;">. </i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>The 1 qapik (</i><span style="text-align: start;"><i>قپک</i></span><span style="text-align: start;"> <i>in </i></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>red square</i></span></span></span><i>) worth coupons issued at the Alat grocery shop of Julfa-Baku railway issued circa 1918</i></span></span><i style="color: #222222;">.</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> </span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">Although, Azerbaijanis did not have a paper currency but they did use foreign paper currencies except Ottoman Turkish and Persian. The modern banking system did not exist in Persia prior 1889, when the Imperial Bank of Persia was found by the English businessman Paul Reuter. The Imperial Bank of Persia issued the first paper banknotes in 1906. The Ottoman Bank was founded 1856 also by a venture of the English and French capitals. The Russian did not have currency in form of ruble as we know. The first Russian money were called ‘bilet’ (draft), and they could have been exchanged for certain amount of silver or gold coins upon demand, which is in some form entrusting gold and silver money to the state for some time and then claiming it back. Neither Persians nor Ottomans did have a translation or a designated word for Russian ruble, or used the word ‘manat’ with the respect to the financial exchange. There is no reference to the Russian ruble in the English-Persian dictionaries issued prior 1918 or English-Turkish issued prior 1918. Although, the Persians did have a word ‘manat’, but it was written differently (مناط) to the Azerbaijani ‘manat’, and it actually meant a distance; another definition of </span>‘manah’ (مناة) also written differently to Azerbaijani ‘manat’ was a one weight of two pounds [weight].</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiag4r0hIsqlSGCkboVyTWX098MytmMNHSz9imBp_Ux7z1T4hLseZzOkylZbMkZaMjHxL4Nbul7xScXoLXw7FXVhXQi5OU5dAKyhlCFlZ2CfAgRXb8RLOtnV1gqR6hUJtoOlAJ5jNJFQM/s1600/Figure03.jpg" style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Draft of Russian Empire" border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="686" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiag4r0hIsqlSGCkboVyTWX098MytmMNHSz9imBp_Ux7z1T4hLseZzOkylZbMkZaMjHxL4Nbul7xScXoLXw7FXVhXQi5OU5dAKyhlCFlZ2CfAgRXb8RLOtnV1gqR6hUJtoOlAJ5jNJFQM/s320/Figure03.jpg" title="Draft of Russian Empire" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic;">Figure 3</b><i style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";">. </i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>The Draft of Russian Empire issued before XIX century which resembles ‘amanat’</i></span></span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";">.</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> When the first time manat went into circulation it was as the <i>Bon of Transcaucasian Commissariat</i> (22 April – 28 May 1918). The bond was issues on four languages Azerbaijani, Georgian, Russian and Armenian. The denominations were 1, 3, 5, 10, 50, 100, 250 manat. The bon had an inscription on it on four languages saying ‘the Bon of Transcaucasian Commissariat accepted into circulation along with the state credit notes’. This bon had the exactly the same meaning like any currency issued at that time, it was an obligation by the government to return bearer a specific amount on demand. The bon became a transitional financial instrument between the promissory note and the banknotes The Bon of Transcaucasian Commissariat is a precursor of the banknotes to the first Azerbaijani banknotes (‘əskinas’ in Azerbaijani). A bon is different to a bond </span>(‘istiqraz’ in Azerbaijani), which another financial tool.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic;">Figure 4</b><i style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";">. </i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>The bon of Transcaucasian Commissariat worth 1 manat (</i><span style="text-align: start;"><i>منات</i> <i>in </i></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>red square</i></span></span></span><i>) issued in 1918</i></span></span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";">.</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> The Georgian word ‘maneti’ (</span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">მანეთი</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">) on the Bon of Transcaucasian Commissariat is almost exactly the same as Azerbaijani ‘manat’. The Armenian side shows the word ‘ruble’ written in the Armenian script. Although, Georgians did not have a problem using a term ‘manat’ for their national currency, but the Armenians did. So they decided to stick with the term ‘ruble’ (present Armenian currency is called dram, which is derived from drachma).</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> Since the moment ‘manat’ became a currency of the first Azerbaijan republic, the official exchange rate is required to conduct financial transactions and exchange of goods. At that time Azerbaijani ‘manat’ was pegged to the Russian ‘ruble’. One crucial difference, all international currencies have plural nouns, such as one dollar, two dollars, where manat is always used in singular form, like one manat (bir manat), two manat (iki manat), etc. If you look carefully on the banknote of the first Azerbaijan Republic, you see the Russian 500 ‘rubles’ (plural) on the left hand side of the banknote (Cyrillic is written from left to right), and Azerbaijani 500 ‘manat’ (singular) on the right hand side of the banknote (Arabic script is written from right to left). In such way, a new democratic republic wanted to make sure that a new currency is fully accepted by all Russian and Azerbaijani speaking layers of the society.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><b style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic;">Figure 5</b><i style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";">. </i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>The 500 manat </i></span></span></span><i style="color: #222222;">(<span style="font-style: normal; text-align: start;"><i>منات</i> <i>in </i></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>red square</i></span></span></span>) </i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>of first Azerbaijan republic issued between 1918–1920</i></span></span><i style="color: #222222;">.</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> The name ‘manat’ also appears on the note of the North-Caucasian Emirate (1919-1920). As you can see on the picture the Turkish word ‘kurush’ (قروش) and Russian ruble appear on the left side just below 100, and the Azerbaijani word ‘manat’ (منات) on the opposite side. Once again, Wikipedia mistakenly states that the official currency of North-Caucasian Emirate was ruble, where the Arabic script precisely shows both on front and back that it was 'manat'. Unlike the Azerbaijani manat, the North-Caucasian Emirate 'manat' was pegged both to the Turkish 'kurush' and the Russian 'ruble'.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc1nmNKNCJokBANHcGswqC5ZUCnynmk-ZMp2xeafH-dT891dOJzbXuFrIEkD_5k7uJ_aUYKOwwUzkaaOKScMy8kq_Zs9ru83s6ekDfJUyj0K92llXyem4vMThyUxo7dHJajccl1e2Udx4/s1600/Figure06.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Draft of North Caucasian Emirate (Dagestan-Chechnia-Ingushetia)" border="0" data-original-height="936" data-original-width="684" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc1nmNKNCJokBANHcGswqC5ZUCnynmk-ZMp2xeafH-dT891dOJzbXuFrIEkD_5k7uJ_aUYKOwwUzkaaOKScMy8kq_Zs9ru83s6ekDfJUyj0K92llXyem4vMThyUxo7dHJajccl1e2Udx4/s320/Figure06.jpg" title="Draft of North Caucasian Emirate (Dagestan-Chechnia-Ingushetia)" width="233" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: #222222; font-style: italic;">Figure 6</b><i style="color: #222222;">. </i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>The Draft of North-Caucasian Emirate worth 100 manat</i><i> </i></span></span><i style="color: #222222; font-size: 14px;">(</i><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 14px;"><i>منات</i> <i>in </i></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>red square</i></span></span></span><i style="color: #222222; font-size: 14px;">) issued in 1919.</i></td></tr>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> The British (TransCaspian) military mission, based in Ashgabat (Turkmenistan) only lasted from 1918 till July 1919, with a head of mission being Major-General Wilfrid Malleson. The draft issued in January 4, 1919 and certified by MG W.Mallerosn states: ‘On behalf of the British Government I promise to repay in rubles notes on or before the end of six months the sum of FIVE HUNDRED ROUBLES’. At the bottom left corner you can see 500 ‘manat’ written in the Arabic script. This draft is a prototype of the current Turkmenistan manat.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><b style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic;">Figure 7</b><i style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";">. </i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i style="font-size: 14px;">The Draft of British </i></span></span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14px;">(TransCaspian) </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i style="font-size: 14px;">Military Mission worth 500 manat (</i></span></span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14px;"><i>منات</i> <i>in </i></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>red square</i></span><i style="font-size: 14px;">) issued in 1919</i></span></span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";">.</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> From there on the word ‘manat’ was designated specifically for the Azerbaijani currency, and it was not a translation of the Russian word ‘ruble’. Because, the USSR ‘ruble’ issued in 1923 does not have its Azerbaijani equivalent name ‘manat’. The ruble is given by its name only in the Arabic script (روبلی). The word ‘manat’ was introduced on the USSR ruble much later.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><b style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic;">Figure 8</b><i style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";">. The USSR ruble issued in 1923 (front and back), Ruble in Arabic Script (</i></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14px;"><i>روبلی</i> <i>in </i></span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";">red </i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>square)</i></span></span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";">.</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> It is established that ‘manat’ have an initial purpose of draft, rather the currency. It was a convenient way to keep and carrier a cash, without being afraid of getting robbed or loosing the bag of coins. A draft could have been change for a specified amount of silver and gold coins in nearest bank or post office, if it is small town. Now, we are going to look at the origin of the word ‘manat’. Even if the purpose of manat was depositing gold and silver coins, however, the word ’manat’ in the Old Azerbaijani Script is written differently than ‘amanat’.</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> The second meaning of ‘manat’ is related to a pre-Islamic context. The name of goddess Al-Manat is mentioned in Quran and the Book of Idols (Kitab Al-Asnam) as the one of three chief goddesses of Mecca and Medina, along with Al-Lat and Al-Uzza. She is was considered a guardian of Black Stone in Kaaba. Her name is associated with the ancient Egyptian goddess Manat. She worn a protective amulet in the form of a metallic disc called ‘manat’ which symbolizes fortune, luck and fertility. Manat is also title given the ancient Sumerian goddess Inanna (Ishtar). It should be note that Azerbaijani version on name ‘Manat’ (منات) in Old Script is different to the Arabic version and Persian (مناة) before 1918. Although, there is Roman goddess Juno Moneta but her story is quite irrelevant in this case, since Koranic text had much more bigger impact on the Azerbaijani that the Roman story.</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><br /></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> But how the female goddess Manat is related to the paper money?</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> The Bank of England was established in 1694 to raise money for King William III’s war against France. Like the goldsmiths’ notes – means of exchange, the Bank of England notes were the promise to pay the bearer the sum of the note on demand. From 1725 the Bank was issuing partly printed notes for completion in manuscript. The first fully printed the Bank of England notes appeared in 1853 relieving the cashiers of the task of filling in the name of the payee and signing each note individually. During all this time they were putting the image of Britannia (female) on all notes issued by Bank of England. According to Bank of England, the tradition of using Britannia goes back to 1662 when Charles II appointed John Roettier, a Flemish engrave, to the Mint.</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> Since then British banknotes have had an image of Britannia as some goddess. The similar tradition of using female image can be observed on French frank (Marianne), US dollar (Columbia) and German mark, and Russian ruble. So it was natural for the Azerbaijani Muslim traders to call that female image on note by name of Koranic Manat (منات). Sometimes those images were issued along the pictures of reigning monarch, like Queen Victoria in UK and Ekaterina II in Russia. Obviously, the term stuck with the paper money and it was continued to be used as reference to the paper money and Russian ruble in particularly until 1918, when ‘manat’ became the national currency of the first Azerbaijan republic.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFK8mv6Zaik7zp16wfAxx6w8gw-BI-Zc6Q6H8QnMzpLbW0Rau99gjVitSBXAsEto_GfnXDhH8t6P7iFJoMHWAW-3UKHO3AYtXV1k6qnlXmKNQTZQU5qbfurbctvZVB-y7b03hVsxPsSoU/s1600/Figure09.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Origin of word manat" border="0" data-original-height="1324" data-original-width="688" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFK8mv6Zaik7zp16wfAxx6w8gw-BI-Zc6Q6H8QnMzpLbW0Rau99gjVitSBXAsEto_GfnXDhH8t6P7iFJoMHWAW-3UKHO3AYtXV1k6qnlXmKNQTZQU5qbfurbctvZVB-y7b03hVsxPsSoU/s320/Figure09.jpg" title="Origin of word manat" width="166" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: italic;">Figure 9</b><i style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";">. The female images seen as Koranic </i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><i>Goddess</i></span></span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";"> Manat </i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14px;">(منات) </span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman";">by Azerbaijanis on British pound, German mark, Russian ruble.</i></span></td></tr>
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<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 16px;"> However, there are also many records which shows that the word ‘manat’ predate even the Koranic Goddess Manat (Koranic Arabic مناة). First time the word ‘manat’ as the measure of weight of the pure ‘kaspi’ silver (as a form of currency), actually appears in "Assyrian and Babylonian contracts; with Aramaic reference notes" ( J.H.Stevenson, 1902, pp.74-75): "1 mani 30 siklu kaspi". Mani or Ma-na (𒈠𒈾, means ‘to count’) was an ancient Sumerian units of weight widely used across Mesopotamia and Near East, 1 mana is equivalent to 60 siklu.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 16px;"> Hence, we would like to conclude the first part, even the word Manat might came from the reference to the female image on the paper draft note, it actually has much more older origin.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; min-height: 16px;">
Qapik, or ‘qəpik’ (قپک) as it is known in Azerbaijani, can trace its origin back to Kebek Khan (1318–1326), a ruler of Chagatai Khanate who introduced ‘kebek dinar’ as a result of the financial reform. He introduced a much simpler and standardized financial system to control minting in his realm. So, 1 ‘kebek dinar’ (6.0g of silver) was equal to 6 dirhams (1.0g of silver). The similar system was used by Timur Khan (1326–1405), who introduced 1 tengi (4.8g of silver) which was equal 6 ‘kebek’ (0.8g of silver). And those ‘kebek’ were the exactly the same ‘qapik’ we know. Although, the Chagatai Khanate did not stretch till Caucases, but the Timurid Empire did. And after that Aq-Qoyunlu and Kara Koyunlu used the same monetary system across their empires.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> The Timurid Empire was very vast and powerful, it defeated the Golden Horde and took a campaign against the Russian lands. Although, the Golden Horde used own currencies such as ‘tengi’, ‘altyn’ (means ‘the sixth part’ in the Common Turkic) and ‘pul’, the impact from trade with the Central Asia for less developed Russian lands was massive. Arbat district of Moscow probably was the heart of the financial influx. So the idea that the Russian ‘копейка’ have its origin in ‘spear’ is pure speculation and is not backed by any substantial historical sources.</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> The reader might have a genuine question where the number six is stands in this old financial monetary system? Wikipedia tells story about Mycenaean using verb ‘drassomai’ to define grip. The six nails (‘obol’ in Ancient Greek) in one hand meant drachma, which became the currency of Ancient Lydia, Greece and Macedonia. It should be noted that one ‘drachma’ contained six ‘obol’, ‘obol’ was also the measure of weight and in the Ancient Greece it was equal to 0.72 grams. Considering the spread of the Empire of Alexander the Great, it will be normal to think that 6 (six) became such an important element of the trade and finance to measure and exchange goods. This story might seem plausible, but it has one crucial flaw the number of nails one hand can hold strictly depends on the diameter of the nail and size of the hand. Besides, the Mycenaean number system, just like the Ancient Egyptian, was based on 10, and the Ancient Greek (Attic) was based on 5 (quintal). Therefore, that story could have been a great bed time story, but it can not be used as the logical explanation why number six was used so extensively in the monetary system.</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> Before the Ancient Greeks, the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, such as Sumerian and Babylonian, used the sexagesimal (based on 60) numeral system. The number 60 is still used as units of time and angle (60 seconds, 60 minutes, 360º=6x60 in circle) because of them. The number 60 is a superior highly composite number, having factors of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60, facilitating the operations with fractions. Now, the a superior highly composite number is a natural number which has more divisors than any other number scaled relative to some power of that number. The first four superior highly composite numbers are 2, 6, 12, 60. So six is the basic superior highly composite number. The way number six is depicted in Sumerian and Babylonian cuneiform tables, it resembles nails. If we look carefully we will see that 1 is shown as one nail, 2 as two nails, and finally 6 as six nails. Now, we can draw a parallel between Ancient Greek ‘obol’ and Mesopotamian cuneiform for six. Let’s not forget that Sumerian and Babylonians invented abacus, the useful tool for doing basic calculations, which were also based on the sexagesimal number system. This number system were used as base for measuring weights, area, volume and lengths. And since the ancient coins were made primary of gold and silver, the precision and minimal error was paramount, and the expertise in doing those weighing and calculations were crucial.</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> Manat went through the oppression of Stalin’s dictatorship to become a national currency of Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. Knowing what it means gives a sense of pride in history and traditions of our financial and monetary systems, which can be traced back to the ancient civilizations. </span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"> Since the second independent Azerbaijan Republic, the Central Bank of Azerbaijan was an important institution in securing the trust in future of that currency. There were made important artistic contributions like by the Austrian artist Robert Kalina, who designed the current symbol of manat </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">₼</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">, and the series of 2006. The Azerbaijani Manat is an important financial instrument for the Caucasus region, the guarantor of its financial stability and progress, a beacon of civilization.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Article was originally published in </span><a href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=ZeU3DwAAQBAJ" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Science and Applied Engineering Quarterly</span></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Journal, 2017, 13(3), ISSN 2054 - 2763)</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><b>Reference</b></span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">1. The bon issued in the Russian Empire [<a href="http://www.fox-notes.ru/z_rus_chastnik/aljat_16927.htm"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">http://www.fox-notes.ru/z_rus_chastnik/aljat_16927.htm</span></a>]</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">2. Dictionary Persian Arabic And English Vol.3 published in 1852<i> [</i><a href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.530106/2015.530106.dictionary-persian#page/n269/mode/2up/search/manat"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><i>https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.530106/2015.530106.dictionary-persian#page/n269/mode/2up/search/manat</i></span></a>]</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">3. The President library. Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan [<a href="http://files.preslib.az/projects/remz/pdf_en/atr_pullar.pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><i>http://files.preslib.az/projects/remz/pdf_en/atr_pullar.pdf</i></span></a>]</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">4. The Catalogue of Banknotes of Azerbaijan Republic 1919-1920<i> </i>[<a href="http://www.fox-notes.ru/img_rus/k8_6_azer.htm"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><i>http://www.fox-notes.ru/img_rus/k8_6_azer.htm</i></span></a>]</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">5. The History of the National Currency, Central Bank of Azerbaijan Republic<i> </i>[<a href="https://www.cbar.az/pages/national-currency/history-of-the-national-currency/"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><i>https://www.cbar.az/pages/national-currency/history-of-the-national-currency/</i></span></a>]</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">6. A Brief history of banknotes. Bank of England [<a href="http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/Pages/about/history.aspx"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/Pages/about/history.aspx</span></a>]</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">7. Britannia and Bank, 1694–1961. Bank of England [<a href="http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/archive/Documents/history/britannia.pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/archive/Documents/history/britannia.pdf</span></a>]</span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(34, 34, 34); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">8. <i>History of History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4 </i>[<a href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001116/111664eo.pdf"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;"><i>http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001116/111664eo.pdf</i></span></a>]</span></div>
jelmarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05882119218176739029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5703641089867810995.post-27292452150417885312017-04-30T07:38:00.039+00:002022-03-22T10:42:35.136+00:00Etymology of Caspian, and Kassite<head>
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<p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b>Introduction</b><b>. </b>Azerbaijan is a birthplace of many ancient cultures and civilizations, such as Shulaveri-Shomu and Kura–Araxes cultures, Mannea, Urartu, Media, Atropaterna, Caucasian Albania, etc. Through the history there have been many speculations about the origin of Azerbaijanis: Persians who adopted the Turkic language; Seljuk Turks who came from Central Asia and settled in Transcaucasia. None of these hypothesis came true. Recent DNA analysis show that Azerbaijanis are the aboriginal people who live in their ancestral land for many years. So who are the Azerbaijanis, their national identity, and their place in the history?</p><p style="text-align: left;">The original name of Greater Azerbaijan (both Iranian Azerbaijan and Republic of Azerbaijan) was Caspiane according to Strabo (Book 11, Chapter 2, Section 15), who lived 63 BC – c. AD 24, the name its also used to refer to Caspian Mountains (Caucasian Mountains) and Caspian Sea: "According to Eratosthenes, the Caucasus is called "Caspius" by the natives, the name being derived perhaps from the 'Caspii'". Herodotus (Book 3, 89-95), who lived around 484 - 425 BC, provided the same evidence by listing South Caspiane (Iranian Azerbaijan) as XI-th and North Caspiane (Republic of Azerbaijan) as XV-th tax districts (satrapy) of the Achaemenid Empire. Subsequent invasions both from north and south, split Caspiane into two separate entities – Atropatene in south, and Caucasian Albania in north. Original Caspiane became a little province along the Caspian shores, which later was incorporated into Caucasian Albania, also known as Arran in some sources.</p><p>Hence, Azerbaijanis are the direct decedents of the Caspians, who migrated to Mesopotamia from Kaspiana and founded the New Babylonian Kingdom – Karaduniash. Karaduniash was the first trade empire in the human history, the same model was eventually employed by the Phoenicians, Greeks and the British Empire. Caspians are also known in history as Kaspi, Kasi, Kassi, Kaššu or Kassites, according to the famous German archaeologist and Iranologist Ernst Emil Herzfeld (23 July 1879 – 20 January 1948), first appeared in the annals of history in the 18th century BC (short chronology 16th century BC) when they entered in Babylonia after it was sacked by the Hittites. Kassites (Caspians) founded the Dynasty of the Land of Sea in the ancient Sumer, the longest ruling dynasty in the history of Mesopotamia (1531-1155BC). Some historians believe that the endonym of the Kassites or Kaspi was Kasli or Gazlu.</p><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKMFoM_gZ0VvXbHrQk5W-L2gYiEVj5I7hwKGDbqp8CzfTCMJ0ErIj5N34vQCpWAbkHtObYyXCFXImqDM9Y3doeM5t_2WokB_2fv548r746VYzlT-EV8sTEX8eT6r7MIxnVxjO4jblItwI/s1422/Kassite_Kingdom.jpeg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><font size="2"><img alt="Kassites - Karaduniash" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1422" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKMFoM_gZ0VvXbHrQk5W-L2gYiEVj5I7hwKGDbqp8CzfTCMJ0ErIj5N34vQCpWAbkHtObYyXCFXImqDM9Y3doeM5t_2WokB_2fv548r746VYzlT-EV8sTEX8eT6r7MIxnVxjO4jblItwI/w320-h243/Kassite_Kingdom.jpeg" title="Kassites - Karaduniash" width="320" /></font></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><font size="2"><b>Fig</b>. The Babylonian Kingdom of Kassites - Karaduniash</font></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>It should be noted that according to Herodotus, Caspians did not share a border with Armenia, which was part of XIII tax district. The XVIII tax district, which included Matienians, Saspires and Alordians (it is a territory from the west coast of Lake Urmia through Lake Van and all the way to Ispir in Turkey, also known as Eastern Anatolia), separated Caspiane from Armenia, hence, placing Armenians somewhere around south of Taurus Mountain range rather in east as it is claimed by the Armenian historians.</p></div><div><div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Etymology of name Caspian</b><b>. </b>The name Caspian (Kaspi) refers to the color "argent" through various contexts such as noble, precious and silver (currency), according to the ancient Assyrian records (Assyrian Grammar, A.H.Sayce, 1875, p.34). There is a Hebrew personal name Caspi or Kaspi meaning "made of silver" or "of silver", and it has roots in the Assyrian KASP(I)U loaned from the ancient Sumerian and Babylonian to define a) noble, precious; b) silver (currency). Neither Hebrews (keseph) nor Arabs (fida) have the exact word similar to Kaspi in their languages, Assyrians themselves used a word (KU)BABBAR to define the regular raw silver. The name came into used through the ruling Kassites (Kass/Kassi/Kasp/Kaspi) dynasty (1531-1155BC) in the same manner as the term "sterling silver" (Easterlings, referring to the East Baltic merchants), which was introduced by the Hanseatic League in 1260 to distinguish their high quality silver for the purpose of currency exchange. The ancient Assyrian cuneiform for the word kaspi, as it is given in various trade contract tablets to define the standardized "silver-currency", is shown below.</div><p></p><p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmILKuTUAo2311TJWUj3SeD97QUbmlIbDPJzZ2tWzHPmTvaWeO2VPPky9yTgvpMHeRS_2IcdStllJ9N3f3UnIoK3U8SaD_TWlnm7O1d29xIayMEa9LmFOWkhIcYEkIPefs3yum6b7z0TA/s1600/Kaspi.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><font size="2"><img alt="Kaspi - Caspian" border="0" data-original-height="116" data-original-width="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmILKuTUAo2311TJWUj3SeD97QUbmlIbDPJzZ2tWzHPmTvaWeO2VPPky9yTgvpMHeRS_2IcdStllJ9N3f3UnIoK3U8SaD_TWlnm7O1d29xIayMEa9LmFOWkhIcYEkIPefs3yum6b7z0TA/d/Kaspi.png" title="Kaspi - Caspian" /></font></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><font size="2"><b>Fig</b>. The word Kaspi as it appears in the ancient Assyrian records</font></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;">This cuneiform can be found in the text on "Sennacherib's Invasion of Palestine" about Hezekiah's tribute of 30 talents of gold and 800 talents of silver. (First Steps in Assyrian, L.W.King, 1898, pp. 64-65). Another reference to the word Kaspi as silver-currency for the exchange in goods (slaves), can be found in "Assyrian and Babylonian contracts; with Aramaic reference notes" ( J.H.Stevenson, 1902, pp.74-75): "1 mani 30 siklu kaspi". Both mani and siklu were ancient Sumerian and Babylonian units of weight widely used across Mesopotamia and Near East, 1 mani is equivalent to 60 siklu. We know for sure that term "Mani" (translates into English as "to count") transformed into Azerbaijani "Manat", which is used as a designation term for the paper notes in the Greater Azerbaijan at least since 18 century, and the term "Siklu" (translates into English as "to weigh") transformed into Israeli "Shekel", which is used as a designation term for the paper notes since 1980. Azerbaijani language have also a similar word "sikkə" [sikke] for the gold and silver coins, and "qəpik-quruş" [gepik-gurush] for the copper coins.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Many tried to explain the origin of the name Caucasus. First one is Leonti Mroveli, a 11th-century Georgian chronicler, who employed a mythology about Noah and his sons. Second one is Pliny the Elder's Natural History (77–79 AD), who derives the name of the Caucasus, which used to be called the Caspian Mountains, from Scythian "Graucasis" meaning "white with snow" (Book VI, chap.19(17)). In antiquity Republic of Azerbaijan (Caspiane) was also known as Caucasian Albania, which probably was a direct translation from the ancient topographic name since the Latin "albus" and Ancient Greek "ἀλφός" (alphos) also means white. Ancient people of Asia Minor, Hittites, defined the cloud as "𒀠𒉺𒀸", which reads as alpas, similar to the Ancient Greek. The name Alban could also be derived from the ancient Kassites deity.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">There is a certain link between the name for silver kaspi and the icy-white Caucasus Mountains. It is also a fact that the Caspians as well the ancient Colchis were skillful metallurgist, hence the reference to silver. Besides it is not a mare coincidence that ancient Greek myth about the giant Prometheus, mentioned as the first ever “metallurgist”, who was chained to the rocks of the Caucasus by the gods.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">It seems that Pliny the Elder mistakenly translates "Grau-" as Greek "κρύο" (kryo) - cold, chill. Most likely Scythian "Grau-" is closely related to Russian and Ukrainian "край", read as [krai], or Azerbaijani and Turkish "qiraq", read as [grag(h)]. The Russian word "krai" means "land" also "edge", where the Azerbaijani word "qiraq" means "edge". Hence, Grau-Casis actually means "Land/Edge of Casis". In order to prove the theory that the Caucasus Mountains is the exact native reference and translation of the Caspian Mountains, we provide the evidence from The Memorial Tablet of Ramman-nirari I, King of Assyria, about 1325 BC. This tablet states: "Ramman-nirari, the illustrious prince, adorned by God, the ruler, the viceroy of the gods, the founder of cities, the destroyer of the mighty armies of the <i><u>Kas(si)</u></i>, the Kut(i), the Lulum(i), and the Subar(i), annihilator of all foes above and below the Upper and Lower Seas (Lake Van and Urmia)". The tablet mentions the Kas(si) or Kasp(i) as the first mighty foe of Assyria, and place them in South Caucasus. It should be noted, that Assyrian cuneiform for the silver Kaspi, has the same root "Kas". So going back to the Pliny the Elder's version of the origin of name Caucasus, we can say that the Scythian Grau-Kass means "Land of Kassi/Kaspi".</div><p></p></div></div>jelmarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05882119218176739029noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5703641089867810995.post-72268703024818596472015-05-23T15:01:00.038+00:002022-03-22T10:42:46.606+00:00Ancient Caspian Cross of Azerbaijan<head>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGnouytQl4ClBBIbFJrwhfOnoVGJ2Y0OCOG2fB266sJ9G-JQEWipun2I7yU5CdKCyMuhbh4RhrpKFSz5IwiJiSd8nW5QvwImOpDy8Y-CfQtjEDWLdDUEfIPZ7cnNi-bXBADIVvSBEQecY/s1600/Caucasian_albanian_cross_in_Round_temple_in_Shaki.JPG" style="clear: left; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Caspian Cross (Caucasian Albania - Azerbaijan)" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGnouytQl4ClBBIbFJrwhfOnoVGJ2Y0OCOG2fB266sJ9G-JQEWipun2I7yU5CdKCyMuhbh4RhrpKFSz5IwiJiSd8nW5QvwImOpDy8Y-CfQtjEDWLdDUEfIPZ7cnNi-bXBADIVvSBEQecY/s1600/Caucasian_albanian_cross_in_Round_temple_in_Shaki.JPG" title="Caspian Cross (Caucasian Albania - Azerbaijan)" width="190" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Caspian Cross (Azerbaijan)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><b>Introduction</b>. The name Azerbaijan has three versions of interpretation: the first version is based on the Ancient Assyrian words Aderbaythen (House of (god) Ader), where Ader - the Kassites and Assyrian name of god of fire, Baythe is the house; the second version is based on the Median words Athurpatakan (Athur - "fire", patakan - "keeper"; the third version (according to "Oghuzname") is based on Old Turkic words Khazarbaijan (Khazar - "land", baijan - "welthy", or "noble"). The word Khazar means "land" also in Mongolian, but it is spelled as Gazar ("Ystoria Mongalorum" by Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, written in the 1240).<div><br /></div>It should be noted that the various versions of the same name are attempts to own the name by various dynasties, which happened to rule in Azerbaijan. Just like the name Iran, which was politicized by various historians with Pan-Persianist agenda describing it as some mythical "Aryan" tribal ancestors of the Persians, actually means "Land of Lion(s) in Assyrian, Arya (ܐܪܝܐ) - lion, and -an is suffix to define a place/country. The word ērān is first attested in the inscriptions that accompany the investiture relief of Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid Empire, (r. 224–242) at Naqsh-e Rustam In this bilingual inscription, Ardashir I calls himself, king of kings of the Iranians" (Middle Persian: ardašīr šāhān šāh ī ērān; Parthian: ardašīr šāhān šāh ī aryān). The name Iran bears a similarity with the name Shirvan (شروان), a ancient kingdom in the Republic of Azerbaijan, which is also translated as the Land of Lion(s) from Azeri, Shir - lion, v - suffix, an - country. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEoN6RqewLiKIAVJFQQUXKDlYsE3Am_vyw9RERVCGwz4nStECvtxcDzWZbKHvMqlhrVmDCdhi9Ah8R5L0iTzEAR5rhrO69r4zmTqkuczManG8VwapZ3ziUVzPGFe4X3ObBdCoSgEsaAfA/s1422/Kassite_Kingdom.001.jpeg.001.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEoN6RqewLiKIAVJFQQUXKDlYsE3Am_vyw9RERVCGwz4nStECvtxcDzWZbKHvMqlhrVmDCdhi9Ah8R5L0iTzEAR5rhrO69r4zmTqkuczManG8VwapZ3ziUVzPGFe4X3ObBdCoSgEsaAfA/s320/Kassite_Kingdom.001.jpeg.001.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><div>
The <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/5703641089867810995/2729245215041788531" target="_blank">Caspians</a> were excellent sea explorers and from Gobustan petroglyphs we can see the shape of their boats. Aramaic papyri from Egypt, and Herodotus (3.93.2) mentioned the Caspians as far as Egypt in the west, and Pamir Mountains in the east. They also excelled in military, trade and ironsmith.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBXoYJloW8WUVgO55D0HLzG2wrWIRj7OTEB9P6x9jGFRhF_-hkYS-WlGVJIxv1O69h4vg-YZPs7EKTQUMl_Ef1OVnGp6Xgnsomq-DJSy3MgGTD-3nwSpYKzOX25b8-cut4mCo-5oRrXUo/s1600/Gobustan_petroglyphs_Azerbaijan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="550" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBXoYJloW8WUVgO55D0HLzG2wrWIRj7OTEB9P6x9jGFRhF_-hkYS-WlGVJIxv1O69h4vg-YZPs7EKTQUMl_Ef1OVnGp6Xgnsomq-DJSy3MgGTD-3nwSpYKzOX25b8-cut4mCo-5oRrXUo/s320/Gobustan_petroglyphs_Azerbaijan.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>It should be noted that according to Herodotus, Caspians did not share a border with Armenia, which was part of XIII tax district. The XVIII tax district, which included Matienians, Saspires and Alordians (it is a territory from the west coast of Lake Urmia through Lake Van and all the way to Ispir in Turkey, also known as Eastern Anatolia), separated Caspiane from Armenia, hence, placing Armenians somewhere around south of Taurus Mountain range between Syria and Assyria, rather in east as it is claimed by the Armenian historians. </div><div><br /></div><div>Therefore, Armenians have never been considered as an aboriginal inhabitant of Caucasus. The same historical data is confirmed by the Queen Mary Atlas (England), executed by the Portuguese cartographer Diogo Homem (b. 1521, d. 1576) between 1555 and 1559.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLctgTNfKLwKCv67sgfF2yBfTS0d1Vq8Gbs4_YwSssPH5wsOCGNJyJfnfqArORI30I31Xa0tzqro1wFZUNCuRLuYDrtCcroboZ53juxSzPDnquxo0u32MjZqQeG8JeWjZHsugxvcN9yQA/s2513/The+Queen+Mary+Atlas.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1090" data-original-width="2513" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLctgTNfKLwKCv67sgfF2yBfTS0d1Vq8Gbs4_YwSssPH5wsOCGNJyJfnfqArORI30I31Xa0tzqro1wFZUNCuRLuYDrtCcroboZ53juxSzPDnquxo0u32MjZqQeG8JeWjZHsugxvcN9yQA/w640-h278/The+Queen+Mary+Atlas.png" width="640" /></a></div></div><div><br /></div>
The ancient Caspian Cross ("Kaspi xaçı" in Azerbaijani) was officially introduced in 313AD as a symbol of the kingdom and the church. King Arran was a founder of the Kingdom of Caucasian Albania according to Latin sources. The cross itself represent the greek, sometimes latin, cross with the oriental flour-de-lis at its ends, which represents a fire or a flame, it is a common symbol for Azerbaijan and the present city symbol of Baku. The cross above is the Caspian Cross as it is seen in the Round Temple, Shaki (Azerbaijan). There are also in Kish, Nij and other places across Azerbaijan, Tatev Monastery in Syunik, Armenia. All these churches are the part of the Church of Caucasian Albania (Azerbaijan) which used to head quartered in Gandzasar Monastery (presently territory occupied by Armenia), or Gəncəsər Kafedralı (Cathedral) as it is known in Azerbaijani.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWOODdm4wPVlSic5Crt97FZRGtCn8QP55MsX4-jP0gA4qT2-e6tdmy0-uRbCnBBn3Dz0VqWI0rHM8f2egIgrsDG3xrU9JZs_LKih5HmfaSOs6HX_Ad5chWIPj1wgNQFQpxosNn_CaHAsg/s1600/Kishchurchsideview.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Kish, Hij (Azerbaijan)" border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWOODdm4wPVlSic5Crt97FZRGtCn8QP55MsX4-jP0gA4qT2-e6tdmy0-uRbCnBBn3Dz0VqWI0rHM8f2egIgrsDG3xrU9JZs_LKih5HmfaSOs6HX_Ad5chWIPj1wgNQFQpxosNn_CaHAsg/s1600/Kishchurchsideview.JPG" title="Kish, Hij (Azerbaijan)" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWFyVkCE0FKOp8tFN3rUaJz26EdvvJ2SZ009lJgINf_jOzsJWb0jFSt9bOPWnXtJxcDpP5XD93Ut9GpX0q_Z8IuwROywBwl2-S1Dvv0N3pXnWjfsSOEMLOLU4V8DmP1AgrfSKjRq5-2kk/s1600/Caucasian_albanian_cross_in_Nij1.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Kish, Hij (Azerbaijan)" border="0" height="57" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWFyVkCE0FKOp8tFN3rUaJz26EdvvJ2SZ009lJgINf_jOzsJWb0jFSt9bOPWnXtJxcDpP5XD93Ut9GpX0q_Z8IuwROywBwl2-S1Dvv0N3pXnWjfsSOEMLOLU4V8DmP1AgrfSKjRq5-2kk/s1600/Caucasian_albanian_cross_in_Nij1.png" title="Kish, Hij (Azerbaijan)" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU4UZFbbM1K92pMgEjeAe_VSCVGSqW-l9TD9nTLyMp1rA2ZTTiZwxYKdsAjeC0hVjmOZ1nM1DGqWCsQiuC4XxkdFY0tRx9bf0koKeu1YpRFSFlJHPg9dh_OSvqKri-fjNaUCQQU87PisI/s1600/Caucasian_albanian_cross_in_in_Nij2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Caspian Cross" border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU4UZFbbM1K92pMgEjeAe_VSCVGSqW-l9TD9nTLyMp1rA2ZTTiZwxYKdsAjeC0hVjmOZ1nM1DGqWCsQiuC4XxkdFY0tRx9bf0koKeu1YpRFSFlJHPg9dh_OSvqKri-fjNaUCQQU87PisI/s1600/Caucasian_albanian_cross_in_in_Nij2.jpg" title="Caspian Cross" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFCRTFhPnNpZ2lkw2naEw5t1qwtDdozexP6UX6A8AaeXEXYOmNp4KH8FlQ0ciDSkTILoDD8zNUU2t3qV_5ohbNK8U8rseOw5Vy7IZzH8NZcjuY4BEDiHeQsyCJQC_6ZKJl4yPttL7qPA0/s1600/Gandzasar.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Gandzasar Cathedral" border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFCRTFhPnNpZ2lkw2naEw5t1qwtDdozexP6UX6A8AaeXEXYOmNp4KH8FlQ0ciDSkTILoDD8zNUU2t3qV_5ohbNK8U8rseOw5Vy7IZzH8NZcjuY4BEDiHeQsyCJQC_6ZKJl4yPttL7qPA0/s200/Gandzasar.jpg" title="Gandzasar Cathedral" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS7GJ4TgzzITvJNM0lbpQwSA28rTRpxYfLsDWvsCFVc5k6SsjA3Y1XEunRWVfR4oCDGqfWFj0ITHqb4PtC6eM7D1EIJf35KcSzdUUkJ5_TWe990jOFAEiIy9OXfKZf4jYEFWVjtYvBTyw/s1600/tatev01.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Caspian Cross" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS7GJ4TgzzITvJNM0lbpQwSA28rTRpxYfLsDWvsCFVc5k6SsjA3Y1XEunRWVfR4oCDGqfWFj0ITHqb4PtC6eM7D1EIJf35KcSzdUUkJ5_TWe990jOFAEiIy9OXfKZf4jYEFWVjtYvBTyw/s1600/tatev01.jpg" title="Caspian Cross" width="213" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHij5ERwX7o2ltY4cNOelNN3hmAJatkz5lhdPWP0mEtePM8WyStzes-tekEkWK-zwIPjDRKl_l0YOQIyQYbx4tN37UXVzbmDem3FRVae0Q7ZdXyaTjquTdU9eMqTf9-L3RcCielBz02zE/s1600/tatev02.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Caspian Cross" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHij5ERwX7o2ltY4cNOelNN3hmAJatkz5lhdPWP0mEtePM8WyStzes-tekEkWK-zwIPjDRKl_l0YOQIyQYbx4tN37UXVzbmDem3FRVae0Q7ZdXyaTjquTdU9eMqTf9-L3RcCielBz02zE/s1600/tatev02.jpg" title="Caspian Cross" width="213" /></a></div>
Caspian Cross can also be observed on the walls of Kara Kilise, or Qara Kilsə in Azerbaijani, of West Azerbaijan province of Iran. Kara Kilise is also known as The Monastery of Saint Thaddeus.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrVVGrUS84d_jWjk3uoDsdB3v0HRTQ_5tcAhZ2yECSPCLJ4c8Zd9HhBgCKT195HWiNhUEW7fNLgZcZ8_T_zS7NX_Bpkh47dnZedYQZ2lPsi6QSboqTeRdwK5JFrUMeSW5vSCl6sYiACUM/s1600/Caspian_Cross_of_Kara_Kilise.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1401" data-original-width="1496" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrVVGrUS84d_jWjk3uoDsdB3v0HRTQ_5tcAhZ2yECSPCLJ4c8Zd9HhBgCKT195HWiNhUEW7fNLgZcZ8_T_zS7NX_Bpkh47dnZedYQZ2lPsi6QSboqTeRdwK5JFrUMeSW5vSCl6sYiACUM/s320/Caspian_Cross_of_Kara_Kilise.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFRA-z1rpEaNm-s-WPfjp5TmWru0uOCnL0u2djNMc1IS430ZCXq7MHkUII7_S3Dk1SWNIlDt-LZkxA_7blqpPbTVlYvTX2p5xE9cd-c-khxjC6skDLn0z6ofKKuuesNK3R35-Rsm8hGP0/s1600/Kara_Kilise_West_Azerbaijan01.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFRA-z1rpEaNm-s-WPfjp5TmWru0uOCnL0u2djNMc1IS430ZCXq7MHkUII7_S3Dk1SWNIlDt-LZkxA_7blqpPbTVlYvTX2p5xE9cd-c-khxjC6skDLn0z6ofKKuuesNK3R35-Rsm8hGP0/s320/Kara_Kilise_West_Azerbaijan01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJOd4oW76OvX7noOUrbLPDK1XUoCDZ3LMeWuNnoXKWooMEu6NKDwFFJ91zDILZ7Sfzla5iKekGsK-9Gk-_Ejx54ZatoawPfDEB2UuUNT9SIS_aIOEupdZDbtQrwOxj6Lka_-nRJF8W3pM/s1600/Kara_Kilise_West_Azerbaijan02.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1382" data-original-width="1280" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJOd4oW76OvX7noOUrbLPDK1XUoCDZ3LMeWuNnoXKWooMEu6NKDwFFJ91zDILZ7Sfzla5iKekGsK-9Gk-_Ejx54ZatoawPfDEB2UuUNT9SIS_aIOEupdZDbtQrwOxj6Lka_-nRJF8W3pM/s320/Kara_Kilise_West_Azerbaijan02.jpg" width="296" /></a></div>
In some places across South Caucasus, the Ancient Caspian Cross as well as churches and monasteries were vandalized by the Armenian inscriptions as a result of the forceful amalgamation of the Church of Caucasian Albania into the Armenian Church.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivzEgRbTifm3xVG1KZsyQil4_ihNg1FgmLE0LEfi0PscJ7Fso_Nzevj-wx4B3qPeQANs6PC0CrwUfUiXCcuQ6cf0VLzeSP1D6kXl-ZWgap_-sHhcRqFFVifpfjmGX_btnz0xNny76Fkes/s1600/1220173.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Caspian Cross" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivzEgRbTifm3xVG1KZsyQil4_ihNg1FgmLE0LEfi0PscJ7Fso_Nzevj-wx4B3qPeQANs6PC0CrwUfUiXCcuQ6cf0VLzeSP1D6kXl-ZWgap_-sHhcRqFFVifpfjmGX_btnz0xNny76Fkes/s320/1220173.jpg" title="Caspian Cross" width="320" /></a></div>
Here is another example of Caspian Cross being vandalized by by the Armenian inscriptions, but this time in the side wall of Saint Stepanos Monastery, East Azerbaijan province of Iran.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRNR9DooS7q3J7JvipUsKTbvc1PP7rzDRoQEC8whXGHw0MrRAf6Q1gmul3jNNRHTGA7Uh1K36lKKrraCw24scij0v3Fs3SrGr6JxJHGg2JEV0lhmOVA7OZZiTrHnW2xRtBTK4XRkC0tLI/s1600/Caspian_Cross_of_St-Stepanous.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRNR9DooS7q3J7JvipUsKTbvc1PP7rzDRoQEC8whXGHw0MrRAf6Q1gmul3jNNRHTGA7Uh1K36lKKrraCw24scij0v3Fs3SrGr6JxJHGg2JEV0lhmOVA7OZZiTrHnW2xRtBTK4XRkC0tLI/s320/Caspian_Cross_of_St-Stepanous.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
On the picture below, you can see Caspian Cross of the top of Saint Stepanos Monastery, East Azerbaijan province of Iran, with the outside walls being vandalized by the Armenian inscriptions.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD3Ci6I91QdneEoduabcKBgHsW-GG8lc-fIyHm7PDSgjgq3dkCPWg1RMM3Bp4es0lYJtUnFrAkEtKaaaFvPnVMBv6YitZClvZdCka56IzewMtH-trYQN1RJfeRAMP4W65QEYVT-H-sXnc/s1600/Saint_Stephen_Church%252C+East_Azerbaijan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1063" data-original-width="1600" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD3Ci6I91QdneEoduabcKBgHsW-GG8lc-fIyHm7PDSgjgq3dkCPWg1RMM3Bp4es0lYJtUnFrAkEtKaaaFvPnVMBv6YitZClvZdCka56IzewMtH-trYQN1RJfeRAMP4W65QEYVT-H-sXnc/s320/Saint_Stephen_Church%252C+East_Azerbaijan.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
The oriental flour-de-lis from the Caspian Cross can also be seen on the Azerbaijani muslim grave stones in Yeddi Gumbez Mausoleum, Shemakhi (Azerbaijan). This proves the cultural continuity among Azerbaijanis regardless their present religious believes.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMEeClXen-dd-RsoxXGbTNjjcnWN5nWH97grCzDH3BKY-RnWRB6p4HkKd31LjvH4sCsG3b1Crn3zUirqmFa_wCrk9f-xu6zB0nS12YWJ_NWRsa2XnjgpygTCZK87IuCqUy0v5zOvhfA8g/s1600/Yeddi+Gumbez+Mausoleum_Shamakhi_Azerbaijan.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMEeClXen-dd-RsoxXGbTNjjcnWN5nWH97grCzDH3BKY-RnWRB6p4HkKd31LjvH4sCsG3b1Crn3zUirqmFa_wCrk9f-xu6zB0nS12YWJ_NWRsa2XnjgpygTCZK87IuCqUy0v5zOvhfA8g/s320/Yeddi+Gumbez+Mausoleum_Shamakhi_Azerbaijan.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<b>Church</b>. Church of Caucasian Albania is is an <u>Autocephalous Orthodox Church</u> and was first established by the Holy Apostle Bartholomew in Baku; and then by St. Elisha in the village of Kish, north of Azerbaijan. Upon the end of Russian-Iran War (1826-1828), Tsar Nicolas I of Russia signed "The Decree on managing the affairs of the Armenian-Gregorian Church in Russia" ("Положение о управлении делами Армяно-Григорианской церкви в России") in 1836, which set the start for the amalgamation of the Church of Caucasian Albania and its properties into the newly formed Armenian Church (the institution as we know now) and subsequently turning the Armenian-Grigorian Church itself into the Orthodox Church with the head quarter in Etchmiadzin, also known as Üçkilsə or Üçmüəzzin in Azerbaijani. Armenians first appeared in North Mesopotamia after the expansion of the Achaemenid Empire. They were originally one of the Persian tribes which were placed to weaken the Assyrian power and influence in the region. During the Roman and Parthian empires, two agreed to create a buffer state, Kingdom of Armenia, on the mutual border in Northern Mesopotamia to prevent further confrontations between each other. The Parthian noble family of Artaxiad were instated as the puppet ruler of the new kingdom, meanwhile the kingdom itself became a vassal state of Rome. The territorial expansion of Kingdom of Armenia, claimed by the Armenian historians, actually were made by the Roman legionaries on behalf of Rome and for the Roman glory. The Roman stone inscription "Legio XII Fulminata", carved between 84 and 96 A.D in Gobustan (Azerbaijan) is clear evidence to that.<br />
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The Church of Caucasian Albania was re-established in Azerbaijan in 2003 as the Church of Caucasian Albania-Udi. In 2013 during 1700th anniversary of establishing Christianity in Azerbaijan, the grand opening of the Church of Arran took place in the village of Nij. Below, I propose the flag of the Church of Caucasian Albania-Udi, all Azerbaijani christians, and the flag of Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan, as a Christian enclave within Republic of Azerbaijan as oppose to the current flag of Nagorno-Karabakh, which represent an Armenian aggression and appropriation of our churches by foreign hordes.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxjaTMZHy-O-yIC_i01oZc_aVUgJfiusKGWeZFXvj65F4tBnC28OLWWaa53CHoDRLxM3FDIndimnHySgEQeXBVUXYaF3zKBkTxRo9aw_8ACwmDqNHxiIbK5w2yLezMKfYiRCDMRxvTA-w/s1600/Flag_of_Caspiane.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="567" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxjaTMZHy-O-yIC_i01oZc_aVUgJfiusKGWeZFXvj65F4tBnC28OLWWaa53CHoDRLxM3FDIndimnHySgEQeXBVUXYaF3zKBkTxRo9aw_8ACwmDqNHxiIbK5w2yLezMKfYiRCDMRxvTA-w/s400/Flag_of_Caspiane.png" width="400" /></a></div>
There is also a more simplified version with the same symbolic meaning<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiidyQmf7FoeNwq-TIhGUgxl7crOtYJSpUz5X5a-eVzFqns87ernPh07WLJq96oTjK53R1Uuh3bI9iF42xFVbqPaBo1QPMU9Yu3XY9q7KaXkEyH7jv8X6upREPrpe1SKqRI5Rh6Gk1C8-k/s1600/Flag_of_Caspiane03.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="567" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiidyQmf7FoeNwq-TIhGUgxl7crOtYJSpUz5X5a-eVzFqns87ernPh07WLJq96oTjK53R1Uuh3bI9iF42xFVbqPaBo1QPMU9Yu3XY9q7KaXkEyH7jv8X6upREPrpe1SKqRI5Rh6Gk1C8-k/s400/Flag_of_Caspiane03.png" width="400" /></a></div></div>
As oppose to the current flag of the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave, which is a duplicate of the Armenian flag, this flag represents the past and present of the Azerbaijan Christian heritage. White represents the silver caps of the Caucasian mountains, which is used to be known as the Caspian mountains, and Blue resents the Caspian sea. Four parts are the regions of Azerbaijan: three parts represents regions formed as a result Kura and Aras rivers flowing through the Greater Azerbaijan; the fourth part is Mughan and the chain of islands in the Caspian sea.<br />
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<b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNqUW_veOoFVPhu6XtxWhyW_xQL402ceCIdgE7tIQFgfe-xtQqJGFZ1dtL1PBi-Mcgr8jZoT-7tsXgFMG3Zk6SQjs1SP5Edmk2n-LXNroR5MOwf-9hp1EFwYIE9Y13u1aJjQa4BS1QQ9U/s2048/Church+of+Holy+Resurrection.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNqUW_veOoFVPhu6XtxWhyW_xQL402ceCIdgE7tIQFgfe-xtQqJGFZ1dtL1PBi-Mcgr8jZoT-7tsXgFMG3Zk6SQjs1SP5Edmk2n-LXNroR5MOwf-9hp1EFwYIE9Y13u1aJjQa4BS1QQ9U/w640-h480/Church+of+Holy+Resurrection.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>The picture above shows the Church of Holy Resurrection (1621) and two graves in the town of Hadrut, the Mountainous region of Qarabag. First two graves belong to the Azerbaijani Christian, with the Caspian Cross on the side of graves, and the last grave belongs to the Armenian Christian with the Armenian Cross of the side of grave stone. The gravestones are the same shape and design as the Muslim graves in the historical Shemakhi graveyard (see above).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>Alphabet</b>. The Caucasian Albanian script has an interesting origin. It was not created by Mesrop Mashtots as it is claimed by the Armenian historians. It was influenced by the cursive Phoenician alphabet, and Eastern Syriac (Madnḥāyā) script.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">The script consists of 52 characters, all of which can also represent numerals from 1 to 700,000 when a combining mark is added above, below, or both above and below them, described as similar to Coptic. 49 of the characters are found in the Sinai palimpsests.[18] Several punctuation marks are also present, including a middle dot, a separating colon, an apostrophe, paragraph marks, and citation marks.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); caret-color: rgb(32, 33, 34); color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: large; margin: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Letter</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10530: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER ALT"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔰</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10531: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER BET"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔱</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10532: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER GIM"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔲</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10533: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER DAT"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔳</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10534: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER EB"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔴</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10535: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER ZARL"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔵</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10536: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER EYN"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔶</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10537: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER ZHIL"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔷</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10538: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER TAS"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔸</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10539: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER CHA"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔹</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1053A: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER YOWD"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔺</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1053B: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER ZHA"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔻</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1053C: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER IRB"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔼</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1053D: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER SHA"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔽</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1053E: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER LAN"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔾</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1053F: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER INYA"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐔿</span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Name</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">alt</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">bet</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">gim</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">dat</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">eb</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">zarl</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">eyn</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">zhil</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">tas</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">cha</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">yowd</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">zha</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">irb</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">sha</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">lan</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">inya</span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Letter</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10540: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER XEYN"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕀</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10541: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER DYAN"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕁</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10542: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER CAR"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕂</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10543: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER JHOX"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕃</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10544: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER KAR"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕄</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10545: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER LYIT"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕅</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10546: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER HEYT"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕆</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10547: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER QAY"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕇</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10548: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER AOR"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕈</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10549: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER CHOY"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕉</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1054A: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER CHI"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕊</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1054B: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER CYAY"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕋</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1054C: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER MAQ"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕌</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1054D: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER QAR"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕍</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1054E: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER NOWC"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕎</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1054F: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER DZYAY"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕏</span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Name</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">xeyn</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">dyan</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">car</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">jhox</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">kar</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">lyit</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">keyt</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">qay</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">aor</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">choy</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">chi</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">cyay</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">maq</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">qar</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">nowc</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">dzyay</span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Letter</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10550: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER SHAK"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕐</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10551: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER JAYN"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕑</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10552: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER ON"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕒</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10553: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER TYAY"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕓</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10554: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER FAM"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕔</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10555: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER DZAY"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕕</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10556: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER CHAT"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕖</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10557: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER PEN"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕗</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10558: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER GHEYS"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕘</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10559: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER RAT"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕙</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1055A: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER SEYK"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕚</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1055B: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER VEYZ"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕛</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1055C: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER TIWR"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕜</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1055D: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER SHOY"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕝</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1055E: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER IWN"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕞</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+1055F: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER CYAW"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕟</span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Name</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">shak</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">jayn</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">on</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">tyay</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">fam</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">dzay</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">chat</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">pen</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">gheys</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">rat</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">seyk</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">veyz</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">tiwr</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">shoy</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">iwn</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">cyaw</span></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Letter</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10560: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER CAYN"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕠</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10561: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER YAYD"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕡</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10562: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER PIWR"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕢</span></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="U+10563: CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN LETTER KIW"><span class="script-caucasian_albanian" style="font-family: "Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"; line-height: 2.1em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">𐕣</span></span></td><td style="background-color: #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="Reserved"></td><td style="background-color: #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="Reserved"></td><td style="background-color: #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="Reserved"></td><td style="background-color: #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="Reserved"></td><td style="background-color: #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="Reserved"></td><td style="background-color: #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="Reserved"></td><td style="background-color: #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="Reserved"></td><td style="background-color: #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="Reserved"></td><td style="background-color: #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="Reserved"></td><td style="background-color: #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="Reserved"></td><td style="background-color: #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="Reserved"></td><td style="background-color: #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;" title="Reserved"></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Name</span></th><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">cayn</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">yayd</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">piwr</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">kiw<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><br /></b></div>
<b>Art</b>. More derivative variations of the Caspian Cross as an art abstract used in the textile, furniture and decoration in general. The Caspian Cross was adopted by the Order of Calatrava (a Spanish military order from Castile) in 1164, and Patek Philippe and Co. (Swiss luxury watch manufacturer) was using it as a company logo since 1851.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgft9Do9cSn7j017u7RalMljb1g4682cYW2WASlXagg41dQj55KuES7SEVLbDiirlWHKZ1ZJU2AlwWSlKe6KO5HOtGXJFAkWh5RJyAft3Fh-cA3T20QYzfhTdHsnY1BYyx9n_N0n9HqvTY/s1600/Cross_Of_Arran02.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Caspian Cross" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgft9Do9cSn7j017u7RalMljb1g4682cYW2WASlXagg41dQj55KuES7SEVLbDiirlWHKZ1ZJU2AlwWSlKe6KO5HOtGXJFAkWh5RJyAft3Fh-cA3T20QYzfhTdHsnY1BYyx9n_N0n9HqvTY/s1600/Cross_Of_Arran02.png" title="Caspian Cross" width="200" /></a></div>
Some organizations or individuals try to present Caspian Cross as Armenian Cross, although two are completely different. Shutterstock.com wrongly have a) Caspian Cross (left) being distributed as b) Armenian Cross (right).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGKpSEiA0E-qD_8qeI_xa7v5K-MNhTKyiYJiX03LsS3YeI2A1oO74dhaf9nbgrbF2xoAhyAKpVbQ02SVkIVIbWgCUz-ugWb4ZykPumMuXPjtqKN1llADX_X92u7RaAunNobO4sflVM7oE/s1600/Caspian_Cross.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="596" data-original-width="842" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGKpSEiA0E-qD_8qeI_xa7v5K-MNhTKyiYJiX03LsS3YeI2A1oO74dhaf9nbgrbF2xoAhyAKpVbQ02SVkIVIbWgCUz-ugWb4ZykPumMuXPjtqKN1llADX_X92u7RaAunNobO4sflVM7oE/s320/Caspian_Cross.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<b><u>Eparchies of The Church</u></b><br />
<br />
1. Caspiana (North East, East, South-East, South, Center)<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Chola</li>
<li>Lpiniya</li>
<li>Kabala</li>
<li>Ejeri</li>
</ul>
<br />
2. Utik (North, North West)<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Hereti</li>
<li>Kambisena</li>
<li>Gardman</li>
<li>Sakasena</li>
</ul>
<br />
3. Arsak (South-West)<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Sisakan</li>
</ul>
<br />
4. Syunik (West)<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Gohtan</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<b><br /></b><b>The heads of The Church</b><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>St. Bartholomew</li>
<li>St. Elisha</li>
<li>Matthew</li>
<li>Isaac</li>
<li>Karen</li>
<li>Pandas</li>
<li>Lazarus</li>
<li>St. Grigoris</li>
<li>Zachary</li>
<li>David</li>
<li>John</li>
<li>Jeremiah (circa 434)</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b><u>List of Catholicoses</u></b><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Abas (551-595)</li>
<li>Viro (595-629)</li>
<li>Zachary I (629-644)</li>
<li>John I (644-671)</li>
<li>Uhtanes (671-683)</li>
<li>Eleazar (683-689)</li>
<li>Nerses I (689-706)</li>
<li>Simeon I (706-707)</li>
<li>Michael (707-744)</li>
<li>Anastasius I (744-748)</li>
<li>Joseph I (Hovsep) (748-765)</li>
<li>David I (765-769)</li>
<li>David II (769-778)</li>
<li>Matthew I (778-779)</li>
<li>Moses I (779-781)</li>
<li>Aaron (781-784)</li>
<li>Solomon I (784)</li>
<li>Theodore (784-788)</li>
<li>Solomon II (788-789)</li>
<li>John II (Hovhannes) (799-824)</li>
<li>Moses II (824)</li>
<li>David III (824-852)</li>
<li>Joseph II (852-877)</li>
<li>Samuel (877-894)</li>
<li>Hovnan (894-902)</li>
<li>Simeon II (902-923)</li>
<li>David IV (923-929)</li>
<li>Isaac (Sahag) (929-947)</li>
<li>Gagik (947-958)</li>
<li>David V (958-965)</li>
<li>David VI (965-971)</li>
<li>Peter I (971-987)</li>
<li>Moses III (987-993)</li>
<li>Mark, Joseph III, Mark, Stephen I (from 993 to 1079)</li>
<li>John III (1079-1121)</li>
<li>Stephen II (1129-1131)</li>
<li>Gregory I (circa 1139)</li>
<li>Bezhgen (circa 1140)</li>
<li>Nerses II (1149-1155)</li>
<li>Stephan III (1155-1195)</li>
<li>John IV (1195-1235)</li>
<li>Nerses III (1235-1262)</li>
<li>Stephen IV (1262-1323)</li>
<li>Sukyan and Peter II (circa 1323-1331)</li>
<li>Zachariah II (ok.1331)</li>
<li>David VII</li>
<li>Karapet (1402-1420)</li>
<li>John V (circa 1426-1428)</li>
<li>Matthew II (circa 1434)</li>
<li>Athanasius II, Gregory II and John VI (1441-1470)</li>
<li>Azaria</li>
<li>Thomas (circa 1471)</li>
<li>Aristakes I</li>
<li>Stephen V (circa 1476)</li>
<li>Nerses IV (circa 1478)</li>
<li>Shmavon I (circa 1481)</li>
<li>Arakel (1481-1497)</li>
<li>Matthew III (ok.1488)</li>
<li>Aristakes II (1515-circa 1516)</li>
<li>Sergius (Sarkis) I (circa 1554)</li>
<li>Gregory III (circa 1559-1574)</li>
<li>Peter III (1571)</li>
<li>David VIII (circa 1573)</li>
<li>Philip</li>
<li>John VII (1574-1584)</li>
<li>David IX (circa 1584)</li>
<li>Anastasius II (circa 1585)</li>
<li>Shmavon II (1586-1611)</li>
<li>Aristakes III Kolataktsi (circa 1588)</li>
<li>Melkiset Arashetsi (circa 1593)</li>
<li>Simeon III (circa 1616)</li>
<li>Peter IV Hondzaksky (1653-1675)</li>
<li>Simeon IV Hotorashensky (1675-1701)</li>
<li>Jeremiah Hasan Jalal (1676-1700)</li>
<li>Isaiah Hasan Jalal (1702-1728)</li>
<li>Nerses V (1706-1736)</li>
<li>Israel (1728-1763)</li>
<li>Nerses VI (1763)</li>
<li>John VIII Gandzasar (1763-1786)</li>
<li>Simeon V Hotorashenksky (1794-1810)</li>
<li>Sergius II Gandzasar (1810-1828, with title of metropolitan after 1815)</li>
</ul>
<br /></div>jelmarhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05882119218176739029noreply@blogger.com0